Ruling on praying alone behind a row in the congregation

Praise be to Allaah.

The four imaams – al-Shaafa’i, Maalik, Abu
Haneefah and Imaam Ahmad (according to one opinion narrated from him) – said that the
prayer of a person standing alone behind a row is valid, whether the row in front of him
is complete or not. They said that the hadeeth “There is no prayer for the one who
stands alone behind a row” (reported by Ahmad in al-Musnad, 4/23 and by
Ibn Maajah, no. 1003, and classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in al-Irwa’, no. 514) is like the hadeeth “There is no prayer when there is food prepared” (reported
by Muslim, no. 560). The meaning is that the prayer is not proper and
complete. But there is a report from Ahmad that the prayer of the person who stands alone
behind the row is not valid at all. This is the well-known view in the madhhab of Imaam
Ahmad: the prayer of the person who stands alone behind the row is not valid in any
circumstances, even if the last row is full.

Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah took a moderate
view, and said: “If the row is full, then the prayer of the one who stands alone
behind the row is valid, because in this case he is not able to be a part of the row, and
Allaah does not burden a person beyond his scope. If the row is not full, then it is not
right for him to pray standing alone behind the row, because he has no excuse.” This
is the view of Shaykh al-Islam and of our Shaykh ‘Abd al-Rahmaan al-Sa’di (may
Allaah have mercy on him). This is the view that we think is correct, which is that if the
row is full, pray standing on your own, and do not pull someone out of the row to join you
or go and stand with the imaam in front. This is the correct opinion, which we think is
closer to the Sunnah than the opinion that the prayer of the one who stands on his own is
absolutely invalid or is unconditionally valid. And Allaah knows best. (Liqa’
al-Baab al-maftooh by Ibn ‘Uthaymeen, 226).