Definition of neighbours in Islamic teaching

Praise
be to Allah

Firstly:

The Islamic texts, namely the Qur’an and Sunnah, enjoin kind
treatment of neighbours and affirm their rights. Allah, may He be exalted,
says (interpretation of the meaning):

“Worship
Allah and join none with Him in worship, and do good to parents, kinsfolk,
orphans, Al-Masakin (the poor), the neighbour who is near of kin, the
neighbour who is a stranger, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (you
meet), and those (slaves) whom your right hands possess. Verily, Allah does
not like such as are proud and boastful”

[an-Nisa’ 4:36].

Al-Bukhaari (5185) and Muslim (47) narrated from Abu Hurayrah
that the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said: “Whoever
believes in Allah and the Last Day, let him not annoy his neighbour.”

Al-Bukhaari (6015) and Muslim (2625) narrated that Ibn ‘Umar
(may Allah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allah (blessings and
peace of Allah be upon him) said:
“Jibreel kept urging me that neighbours should be treated
well until I thought he would make them heirs.”

Secondly:

The scholars differed concerning the definition of a
neighbour.

Some of the scholars were of the view that the definition of
neighbours according to Islam is forty houses in each direction.

Others were of the view that it is defined linguistically,
and that the neighbour is only the one whose house is next to your own.

It was also suggested that the people of each mosque are
neighbours, or that this applies to the people of a quarter (area of a
city), or the people of a city… And there were other suggestions.

In Mughni al-Muhtaaj (4/95), it says:

Neighbours are forty houses on each side, as was stated by
ash-Shaafa ‘i. That is indicated by the report: “The rights of neighbours
apply to forty houses like this and like this and like this” – and he
pointed to the front, to the back, to the right and to the left. Narrated by
Abu Dawood and others with a mursal isnaad, and it has other isnaads that
strengthen it. [The hadith was classed as da‘eef by al-Albaani. See: al-Irwa’
(6/100)]

And it was said that neighbours are those whose houses are
next to yours;

or the people of the locality in which you live;

or those whose houses are next to yours or facing yours;

or the people of a dead-end street or cul-de-sac;

or those between whom and you there is clear access;

or those who pray with you in the mosque;

or your tribe;

or all the people of the city, because Allah, may He be
exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning): “If
the hypocrites, and those in whose hearts is a disease (evil desire for
adultery, etc.), and those who spread false news among the people in Al-Madinah,
cease not, We shall certainly let you overpower them, then they will not be
able to stay in it as your neighbours but a little while”
[al-Ahzaab 33:60]. End
quote.

Some of the scholars were of the view that there is no
specific definition of neighbours; rather the matter should be referred to
‘urf (custom).

Ibn ‘Aabideen (may Allah have mercy on him) said in his
Haashiyah (2/259):

The neighbour, according to custom, is the one whose house is
next to yours or the one who lives in the same locality.

[The word translated here as locality refers to the place in
which a tribe lives and settles; it is more akin to a small quarter or
neighbourhood]

In al-Insaaf (11/256), al-Mardaawi mentioned the
difference of scholarly opinion concerning that, then he said:

And it was said that this matter should be referred to
custom.

I (al-Mardaawi) say: And this is the correct view, if the
hadith is not saheeh. End quote.

Ibn Qudaamah (may Allah have mercy on him) said:

The instruction to treat neighbours well includes the people
of forty houses on each side. This was stated by Ahmad and was also the view
of al-Awzaa‘i and ash-Shaafa‘i. Abu Haneefah said: The neighbour is the one
whose house is next to yours. Qataadah said: The neighbour is one or two
houses.

Abu Yoosuf said: Neighbours are the people of the locality,
if they pray in the same mosque. If the people of the locality are divided
between two small mosques that are close to one another, then they are all
neighbours, but if the two mosques are big, then the people of each mosque
are neighbours to ane another. As for cities in which there are tribes, then
neighbours are defined by branches of the tribes.

Then he quoted the hadith: “The rights of neighbours apply to
forty houses like this and like this and like this” and said: This is a text
which cannot be ignored if it is saheeh. If the report cannot be proven,
then the neighbour is the one who is close by, and reference should be made
concerning that to what is customary.

End quote from al-Mughni (6/233)

See also: Fath al-Baari (10/447) and al-Mawsoo‘ah
al-Fiqhiyyah (16/217)

Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may Allah have mercy on him) said:

The neighbour is the one whose house is next to your house
and is close to it. There are some reports which indicate that the neighbour
is forty houses on each side.

Undoubtedly the one whose house is next to yours is a
neighbour. With regard to those living beyond that, if the reports which say
that are soundly narrated from the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be
upon him), then the truth is what those reports say. Otherwise, the matter
should be referred to what is customary. So whatever people customarily
regard as a neighbour is a neighbour.

End quote from Sharh Riyadh as-Saaliheen (3/176)

Shaykh al-Albaani (may Allah have mercy on him) said:

The scholars differed concerning the definition of
neighbours, and there are several views as mentioned in al-Fath
(10/367). Everything that has been narrated suggesting that the Prophet
(blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) defined it as being forty (houses
in each direction) is da‘eef and is not saheeh.

What appears to be the case is that it is to be defined
according to what is customary.

End quote from Silsilat al-Ahaadeeth ad-Da‘eefah
(1/446).

Conclusion:

The neighbour is someone who lives close to you, which
includes houses that are next to yours, according to scholarly consensus.
With regard to anything beyond that, reference should be made to custom.

With regard to the view that all the people of a quarter (or
part of a city) are neighbours, this is the view of some scholars, as
mentioned above (Abu Yoosuf, the companion of Abu Haneefah), but quarters in
the past were small, hence he said: If they all pray in one or two small
mosques.

And Allah knows best.