My wife has a half-sister through her mother, i.e., from a different father, and this sister has a son who is twenty years old. My question is: is this son a mahram to my wife? Is it permissible for her to shake hands with him?

Praise
be to Allah.

The son of a full sister or a half-sister through the mother or father is
one of a woman’s mahrams, because Allah, may He be exalted, says
(interpretation of the meaning): Forbidden
to you (for marriage) are: your mothers, your daughters, your sisters,
your fathers’ sisters, your mothers’ sisters, your brothers’ daughters,
your sisters’ daughters”
[an-Nisa’ 4:23]

Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may Allah have mercy on him) said:

There are seven categories of mahrams according to the text and scholarly
consensus, and none of the scholars differed concerning this matter.

End quote from ash-Sharh al-Mumti‘ (12/110) 

They are: 

1-   
mothers – which
includes grandmothers on both the father’s and the mother’s sides

2-   
daughters – which
includes granddaughters

3-   
sisters – whether
full sisters or half-sisters through the father or the mother

4-   
paternal aunts –
which includes the paternal aunt of the father and the paternal aunt of the
mother

5-   
maternal aunts –
which includes the maternal aunt of the father and the maternal aunt of the
mother

6-   
brothers’
daughters – which includes brothers’ granddaughters

7-   
sisters’ daughters
– which includes sisters’ granddaughters. 

Shaykh Siddeeq Hasan Khan (may Allah have mercy on him) said: at-Tahhaawi
said: There is scholarly consensus on all of these mahrams and it is not
permissible to marry any of them, according to scholarly consensus.

End quote from Nayl al-Maraam min Tafseer Ayaat al-Ahkaam (1/148);
see also Ahkaam al-Qur’an by Ibn al-‘Arabi (2/259) 

Once it is established that the maternal aunt who is a full sister (of the
mother) – or her half-sister through her mother or through her father – is a
mahram, it is known that it is permissible to look at her as she appears in
front of her other mahrams such as her brother, paternal uncle, maternal
uncle and so on. It is also permissible for him to enter upon her even if
there is no other mahram present, and to look at her, so long as the
situation is within proper bounds, and there is no risk of temptation or
suspicion, so that the Shaytaan will have no way to introduce any kind of
doubt or suspicion into your mind. 

Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning):
“…
and
not to reveal their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their
husbands’ fathers, their sons, their husbands’ sons, their brothers or their
brothers’ sons, or their sisters’ sons…”
[an-Noor 24:31]

Ibn Katheer (may Allah have mercy on him) said: In the case of all these
mahrams, it is permissible for a woman to appear before them with her
adornment, but without making a wanton display.

End quote from Tafseer Ibn Katheer (10/220) 

Siddeeq Hasan Khan (may Allah have mercy on him) said:

It
is permissible for women to show their adornment to these people, because
they mix with them a great deal and there is no fear of temptation, because
of the natural aversion that people have towards intimacy with close
relatives.

End quote from Nayl al-Maraam min Tafseer Ayaat al-Ahkaam (1/397) 

Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may Allah have mercy on him) was asked: 

What about shaking hands with one’s maternal aunt? 

He
replied: 

Shaking hands with one’s maternal aunt and other mahrams, such as one’s
paternal aunt, brother’s daughter or sister’s daughter – and especially
one’s daughter or mother – is permissible and there is nothing wrong with
it, so long as there is no risk of temptation, and usually there is no such
risk. The same applies to their equivalents among mahrams through
breastfeeding: it is permissible to shake hands with them, so long as there
is no risk of temptation, because the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah
be upon him) said: “What becomes mahram (forbidden for marriage) through
breastfeeding is that which becomes mahram through blood ties.” 

End quote from Fataawa Noor ‘ala ad-Darb 

And Allah knows best.